Elevada frequência de Aeromonas spp. e genes de virulência em cultivos de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em tanques-rede, na região semiárida de Pernambuco, Brasil / High frequency of Aeromonas spp. and virulence genes in Nile Tilapia farms (Oreochromis niloticus) in semi-arid regions of Pernambuco, Brazil

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de Aeromonas spp. em peixes e amostras de água na região semiárida de Pernambuco e avaliar a frequência de aerolissina (aerA), enterotoxina citotóxica (act), enterotoxina citotônica (alt) e serina protease (ahp) nesses isolados. Foram analisados 70 peixes vivos e oito mortos com sinais clínicos de aeromoniose e 16 amostras de água. Aeromonas spp. foram identificadas por análises microbiológicas (provas bioquímicas) e molecular, usando-se primers específicos para a região 16S rRNA, e a distribuição dos quatro fatores de virulência (aerA, alt, act e ahp) foi investigada por ensaio de PCR. Cento e cinquenta e cinco (84,7%) isolados foram confirmados como Aeromonas spp. na análise molecular. Os genes de virulência mais frequentes foram act (53,55%) e aerA (51,61%). De acordo com o tipo de amostra, observou-se maior frequência do gene aerA (87,5% P=0,0474) em isolados de peixes mortos e a menor frequência do gene act (47,73% P=0,0002) em peixes vivos. Este estudo demonstrou a presença de aeromoniose no cultivo de tilápias em tanques-rede, nos municípios de Jatobá e Petrolândia, na região semiárida de Pernambuco. A detecção de aerA, act e alt pode ser utilizada na tipagem de virulência de Aeromonas spp.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Aeromonas spp. from fishes and tilapia net-cage farm water in semi-arid regions of Pernambuco and to evaluate the frequency of the aerolysin (aerA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), cytotonic enterotoxin (alt) and serine protease (ahp) genes in Aeromonas isolates. 70 live and eight dead fish with aeromoniosis clinical signs and 16 water samples were analyzed. Aeromonas spp. isolated were identified by microbiological (biochemical evidence) and molecular analysis using specific primers for 16SrRNA region, while the distribution of four virulence factors, including aerA, alt, act and ahp, was investigated by PCR assay. One hundred fifty-five (84.7%) isolates were confirmed as Aeromonas spp. by molecular analysis. The most frequent virulence genes in isolates were act (53.55%) and aerA (51,61%). According to the kind of sample, the higher frequency of aerA gene (87.5% P= 0.0474) was observed in isolates from dead fish and the lowest frequency of act gene (47.73% P= 0.0002) from live fish. This study found the presence of aeromoniosis on tilapia farming in net-cages on Jatobá and Petrolândia counties in the semiarid Pernambuco region. The detection of aerA, act and alt can be used for virulence typing of Aeromonas spp. isolates.(AU)

Contagem de células somáticas, composição e contagem bacteriana total do leite de propriedades leiteiras nos municípios de Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú­Mirim e Santa Rita, Maranhão / Somatic cell counts, composition and total bacterial counts of milk from dairy farms in the cities of Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-Mirim and Santa Rita, Maranhão State, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), composição e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre a qualidade do leite produzido em propriedades leiteiras de Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-Mirim e Santa Rita, Estado do Maranhão. Verificou-se no período A que a média de CCS foi de 2.236.700 células/mL, 3,87 % de gordura, 3,19% de proteína, 4,36% de lactose, 12,25% de EST, 8,55% de ESD (%) e CBT de 677,90 UFC/mL, e no período B a média de CCS foi de 2.629.950 células/mL, 3,87% de gordura, 3,27% de proteína, 4,45% de lactose, 13,19% de EST, 8,74% de ESD e CBT de 8421,35 UFC/mL. Quanto à sazonalidade, as médias de CCS e CBT foram mais elevadas no período B do que no período A.

The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic cell counts (SCC), composition and total bacterial counts (TBC) of milk from dairy farms in Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-Mirim and Santa Rita, all located in Brazilian Maranhão state. In the A period, it were verified means of 2,236,700 somatic cells/mL; 3.87% fat; 3.19% protein; 4.36% lactose; 12.25% (TS); 8.55% non-fat solids (NFS) and 677.90 clonies forming unit (CFU)/mL. In the winter period means were 2,629,950 cells/mL; 3.87% fat; 3.27% protein; 4.45% lactose; 13.19% TS; 8.74% NFS and 8,421,35 CFU/mL. Regarding sazonality, both SCC and TBC means were higher during the period B than during the period A.

Production of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Brazil.

The production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins (SE) A, B, C and D by bovine mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by immunodiffusion using the Optimum-Sensitivity Plate method. S. aureus strains were isolated from bovine mastitis in 23 dairy herds in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during 1994-9. Of 127 isolates, 83 (65.04%) produced one or several toxins, and among them production of SE was found in 54 (43.0%) isolates, of which 1138 (29.09%) secreted enterotoxin identified as type D. TSST-1 was found in 5829 (45.723.0%) isolates.

Effect of immediate fluid resuscitation on the rate, volume, and duration of pulmonary vascular hemorrhage in a sheep model of penetrating thoracic trauma.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of early fluid resuscitation on the rate, volume, and duration of hemorrhage using a sheep model of uncontrolled pulmonary vascular hemorrhage. METHODS: Sixteen adult sheep were anesthetized and fitted with catheters to measure systemic and pulmonary artery pressures. A branch of the pulmonary vein was then lacerated through an anterolateral thoracotomy, and a chest tube was inserted to monitor hemorrhage volume. Eight animals were assigned to the immediate fluid (IF) resuscitation group and were given 30 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution over a period of 10 minutes; this treatment was repeated once if normotension was not achieved. The other eight animals received no fluid (NF) and served as nonresuscitated controls. RESULTS: The IF animals had a mean hemorrhage volume of 3,494 +/- 1,525 mL, compared with 1,594 +/- 689 mL in the NF group (P < .001). Hemorrhage stopped spontaneously in the NF group at a mean of 29 +/- 9 minutes but took 48 +/- 11 minutes in the IF group (P = .003). During the 20-minute period of fluid resuscitation, the IF animals bled at twice the rate of the NF animals (90 +/- 33 versus 46 +/- 22 mL/minute, respectively; P = .02). During the 10-minute interval after fluids were administered, the rate of hemorrhage remained brisk at 73 +/- 57 mL/minute in the IF group but virtually stopped in the NF group (6 +/- 7 mL/minute; P = .02). CONCLUSION: In this sheep model of uncontrolled pulmonary vascular hemorrhage, immediate fluid resuscitation significantly increased the rate, volume, and duration of hemorrhage. The vigorous administration of fluids to patients with penetrating chest trauma has the potential to significantly increase blood loss.